tugas softskill - passive and active voice

1.1         Definition of Passive Voice

The passive voice is often named as the subject of a sentence or subject work experience. According to Alwi, (2003: 345) if the subject of a sentence does not act as a principal, but act as a target predicate acts are declared, it is called a passive voice sentence. Such a sentence is a sentence alteration of the active sentence. The conversion took place with the removal of the object unsure active sentence into a passive sentence subject. Changing it causes changes in the verb form of the verb predicate active filler becomes passive. Another opinion was also expressed by Cook (in Tarin, 2009: 27) that the passive sentence is the sentence which the subject acts as a patient. In line with the opinion of Cook, Samsuri (in Rusmadji, 1993: 92) states the passive sentence is the sentence which the subject serves as the patient acts expressed by the predicate of the sentence. As with the opinion of Kridalaksana (2005: 53-54), the sentence is a sentence that is the subject passive role as sufferer, target, or results.

Based on some of the understanding, it can be concluded that the passive sentence is the sentence which the subject serves as an action expressed by the predicate of the sentence.

The grammatical form of a passive voice  is be + the past participle.

Be can be in any of its forms:

-          Am

-          Is

-          Are

-          Was

-          Were

-          Has been/have been

-          Will be

The past participle follows Be. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in –ed (e.g., mailed, corrected). Some past participle are irregular (e.g., thaught). (Betty Azar, 1992:276)

1.2         Deffinition of Active Voice

Active sentence is a sentence that is the subject or actor (the actor) denoted by the verb. A sentence is said to be active if the subject of a sentence is a sentence perpetrators of acts declared on the title. Therefore, active sentences are only sentence that has the action verbs. In other words, active voice sentences are only present in the form of the active verb predicate (Sugono, 2009: 118). According to Cook (in Tarin, 2009: 25) that the active sentence is a sentence that acts as a principal subject or actor. Another opinion was also expressed by Kridalaksana (2008: 124) that the active sentence is transitive clause which indicates that the subject is doing the work in the verbal predicate.

Based on some of these opinions, it can be concluded that the active sentence is a sentence that is the subject of active perform an act or acts. In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

The grammatical of active voice uses all tenses:

[Thing doing action/Subject] + [verb] + [thing receiving action/Object]

1.3 Definition Subject and Verb

The definition of subject is someone or something likely to do or be affected by something or someone. A subject is someone or something that is under the authority of another or others. Subject means something or someone that is a topic of a discussion, writing, art piece or area of study.

The definition of verbs are doing words. A verb can express a physical action, a mental action, or a state of being.dThe verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common.

In addition, Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. 

Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straight forward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved).

1.4 The differences active voice and passive voice

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

DISCUSSION

RI, South Korea to reach deal on phase II of KFX/ IFX fighter jet

Indonesia and South Korea are expected to reach an agreement on the second phase of the joint development and production of the KFX/ IFX fighter jet, a step that will mark the epitome of the two countries’ strategic partnership, the South Korean envoy said. The three phases of developing the KFX/IFX fighter jet are technology development (TD), engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) and joint production and marketing. The TD phase was concluded in December 2012, which saw a number of engineers from state-owned airframer PT Dirgantara Indonesia (PT DI) and officers from the Indonesian Air Force going to South Korea to discuss a number of development issues with their South Korean counterparts. South Korean Ambassador to Indonesia Cho Tai-young said that negotiations on the project had intensified, raising hopes that an agreement-in-principal would be reached soon. “If the negotiation runs smoothly, it could be concluded by next month,” Therefore, the jet fighter project marked the epitome of the Indonesian-South Korean strategic partnership as the two countries had committed to design and develop a whole new jet fighter. “I will try hard during my term here to realize what has been planned,” Cho told The Jakarta Post during an interview ahead of South Korean’s Oct. 2 National Day. The two countries signed a letter of intent (LoI) to develop the KFX/ IFX on March 9, 2009. The agreement was signed in 2012 by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his then South Korean counterpart Lee Myung-bak. Indonesia will pay up to 20 percent of US$ 5 billion project, while the South Korean government and Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) will pay 60 percent and 20 percent respectively. The KFX/IFX fighter is envisioned by a next-generation fighter aircraft for 2020, designed as a single-seat, twin-engine jet fighter with capabilities below the USmade Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, but surpassing Lockheed’s F-16 Fighting Falcon. Beside the KFX/IFX project, the two countries will keep exchanging information about weapon systems and defense products to find future opportunities for cooperation. Cho mentioned the Third Defense Industry Cooperation Committee meeting in Jakarta, when Indonesian and Korean defense companies presented their products and discussed future cooperation. The South Korean government, Cho added, had a deeper understanding of the Indonesian policy on defense industry promotion. This is the reason why Seoul would like to focus on transfer of technology and joint development programs like the KFX/IFX. After the completion of the KFX/IFX development, both countries may establish a joint venture. “There are a lot of possibilities,” he said. South Korea has developed various weapon systems that are verified by the country’s armed forces. It has been imported weapons from advanced countries. In this regard, South Korea could assist Indonesia on various issues, including sharing experiences in order to minimize trial-and-error with various weapon systems. On the building of three Chang Bogo-class submarines, Cho said, it would be conducted in South Korea and Indonesian technicians will go there for training. Engineers from state-owned shipyard PT PAL Indonesia are being sent to South Korea to prepare for the building of the third submarine.

Source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/02/ri-south-korea-reach-deal-phase-ii-kfx-ifx-fighter-jet.html

1.     ACTIVE VOICE SENTENCES

1.      Therefore, the jet fighter project marked the epitome of the Indonesian-South Korean strategic partnership as the two countries had committed to design and develop a whole new jet fighter.

This sentence includes active voice because a grammar of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the action or we can say simple past tense with the pattern S+V+O. Then, according to Cook (in Tarin, 2009: 25) that the active sentence is a sentence that acts as a principal subject or actor.

2.      The two countries signed a letter of intent (LOL) to develop the KFX/ IFX on March 9, 2009.

This sentence shows active voice too because this sentence have subject, verb.  The subject is the two countries and the verb is signed.

3.       Beside the KFX/IFX project, the two countries will keep exchanging information about weapon systems and defense products to find future opportunities for cooperation. Based on sentence, this is includes active voice because the subject of the sentence is the two countries and followed by keep as verb. Simple future is also active voice.

4.      Cho mentioned the Third Defense Industry Cooperation Committee meeting in Jakarta

This sentence  also active voice. There are subject and verb. The subject is Cho and the verb is mention. This pattern is simple past tense.

5.      South Korea has developed various weapon systems that are verified by the country’s armed forces.

Same like explanation before. This sentence is active voice too. As we know active voice followed by subject and verb. The subject is south korea. The verb is developed and this is past perfect.

2.     PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCES

1.      Indonesia and South Korea are expected to reach an agreement on the second phase of the joint development and production of the KFX/ IFX fighter jet, a step that will mark the epitome of the two countries’ strategic partnership, the South Korean envoy said.

This sentence includes passive voice because the pattern is subject+be+past participle. 

2.      It could be concluded by next month

The sentence above also concludes passive voice. The reason is we can see the subject above is “it” and this sentence has be “be” the followed by past participle/verb. The agent is preceded by the preposition “ by”.

3.      The KFX/IFX fighter is envisioned by the next-generation fighter aircraft for 2020

The pattern of this sentence is simple past followed by S+be+past participle. This sentence has verb be “is” and the past participle is “envisioned”. Same explanation before The agent is preceded by the preposition “ by”.

4.      It has been imported weapons from advanced countries.

This sentence is passive voice, the reason is because this sentence has form “S+have/has+been+past participle”.

5.  Engineers from state-owned shipyard PT PAL Indonesia are being sent to South Korea to prepare for the building of the third submarine.

According to sentence above, this sentence also passive voice. We can see there are subject+be+past participle. The tenses is simple present continous.

Name         : Panca Rahmawati Apriani

Class          : 4SA05

NPM         : 18611087

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